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Microbial fuel cells: A potent and sustainable solution for heavy metal removal
1
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Istanbul Technical University Maslak, Istanbul 34467, Türkiye
Submission date: 2024-07-19
Final revision date: 2024-09-03
Acceptance date: 2024-09-11
Online publication date: 2024-10-15
Corresponding author
Hakan Bermek
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Istanbul Technical University Maslak, Istanbul 34467, Türkiye
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Istanbul Technical University Maslak, Istanbul 34467, Türkiye
KEYWORDS
adsorptionheavy metalsmembrane separationmetabolismmicrobial fuel cellwater pollutionwater treatment
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The global water pollution problem is becoming increasingly crucial. One of the major contributors to water pollution is the presence of heavy metals. Heavy metals pose significant threat to both humans and all ecosystems. Various factors influence the removal of heavy metals from wastewater, including pH, temperature, natural organic matter (NOM), and ionic strength, which vary based on the chemical properties of the pollutants. More effective and modern approaches receive attention and extensively researched to substitute traditional methods such as adsorption, membrane filtration, and chemical-based separation. Among these methods, Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are particularly intriguing. This review article focuses on MFCs and their potential applications in various fields, including clean water production. MFCs represent an innovative technology that not only generates electricity, but also demonstrates significant potential for heavy metal removal from wastewater. Cathodic chamber of MFCs effectively reduces heavy metals, while organic substrates act as carbon and electron donors in the anodic chamber. Through various mechanisms, including direct and indirect metal reduction, biofilm formation (metal sequestering), electron shuttling, and synergistic interactions among microbial communities, microorganisms exhibit remarkable efficiency in removing metals. Studies showed that dual- and single-chamber MFCs could efficiently remove a range of heavy metals, including chromium, cobalt, copper, vanadium, mercury, gold, selenium, lead, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and sodium, while simultaneously generating electricity, achieving high removal efficiencies ranging from 25% to 99.95%. This range of efficiency varies depending on the specific contaminant being targeted, the concentration of the contaminant, as well as the operating conditions such as pH and temperature. Moreover, MFCs demonstrated a wide range of power outputs, typically ranging from 0.15 W/m² to 6.58 W/m², depending on the specific configuration and conditions. These findings underscore the potential of MFCs as a sustainable and efficient approach for both wastewater treatment and energy generation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to express gratitude to all those who contributed to this research directly or indirectly.
FUNDING
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
PEER REVIEW INFORMATION
Article has been screened for originality
Externally peer reviewed.
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